Tuşlu Çalgılar Nedir?
Tuşlu çalgılar, bir klavye kullanarak çalınan müzik aletleridir. En yaygın tuşlu çalgılar piyano, org ve synthesizer ve dijital piyanolar dahil olmak üzere çeşitli elektronik klavyelerdir. Diğer tuşlu çalgılar ise bir klavye ile idiofonlarla vurulan çelestalar ve genelde çan kulelerinde veya kiliselere veya belediye binalarına yerleştirilen carillonlardır.
Tuşlu çalgıların her biri farklı sayıda tuşa ve tuş ölçüsüne sahiptir. Ayrıca mekanik yapılar olarak birbirinden farklı aletlerdir. Görünüm olarak birbirine benzeyen tuşlu çalgı aletlerini ayırt etmek de çok kolay değildir.
Tuşlu Çalgıların Tarihçesi
Tuşlu çalgıların oluşumu ve kullanılması Milattan Önce 200 yılına dayanır. Bilinen en eski tuşlu çalgı orgdur ve ilk kez İ.Ö. 3.yüzyılda İskenderiye’de yaşayan Ctesibios isimli Yunan mühendis tarafından icat olunduğu söylenir. Org, su gücüyle çalışan bir alettir ve zamanla hava basıncıyla çalışan klise orguna dönüşmüştür. Klise orgu, kiliselerde kullanılan ve Gospel müziğinin ana enstrümanı olan büyük ve etkileyici bir alettir.
20. yüzyılın başlarında elektrikli orglar ortaya çıkmıştır. Bunlardan en ünlüsü Hammond Organ’dır. Hammond Organ, analog devreleri olan ve lambalı bir enstrümandır ve rock müziğinin sound’una yön veren bir alettir.
1960’lı yıllarda ise synthesizer adı verilen yeni bir tuşlu çalgı icat edilmiştir. Synthesizer, elektrik akımı ve frekans değerlerinin değiştirilmesiyle ses üretip sentezlenmesini sağlayan bir alettir. Synthesizer’ın ortaya çıkmasında theremin isimli enstrüman ilham kaynağı olmuştur. Synthesizer, elektronik müzik ve türevlerinde kullanımı yaygın olup,günümüzde R&B, Rock, Brit pop gibi tarzlarda da etkili olarak kullanıldığı görülür.
Synthesizer’ların dijital yapıda olanlarına ritm ve sequencer gibi özellikler eklenerek elde edilen klavyelere Workstation denilir. Workstation’lar aranjörlerin ve orkestra eşliğinde sahneye çıkan keyboard’çuların en çok tercih ettikleri klavye türleridir.
Tuşlu çalgılardan bir diğeri de akordeondur. Akordeon, 1822 tarihinde Christian Friedrich Ludwig Buschmann tarafından icat edilmiştir. Körüğün harekete geçirilmesiyle oluşan hava akımının etkilediği serbest metallerin titreşmesiyle ses çıkartan bir alettir.
Tuşlu Çalgıların Çeşitleri
Tuşlu çalgılar genel olarak şu şekilde sınıflandırılabilir:
Orglar: Su gücüyle veya hava basıncıyla çalışan, büyük boyutlara sahip olan ve kiliselerde veya konser salonlarında kullanılan aletlerdir.
Piyano: Çekiçlerin tellere vurmasıyla ses çıkartan, 88 tuşlu ve genellikle ahşap gövdeli bir alettir. Klasik batı müziğinde en çok kullanılan tuşlu çalgıdır.
Dijital Piyano: Piyano sesini ve dokusunu taklit eden, elektronik devreleri olan ve kulaklık veya hoparlör ile ses veren bir alettir. Taşınabilirliği ve fiyatı nedeniyle piyanoya alternatif olarak tercih edilir.
Synthesizer: Elektrik akımı ve frekans değerlerinin değiştirilmesiyle ses üretip sentezlenmesini sağlayan bir alettir. Çeşitli ses efektleri ve filtreler ile farklı sesler elde etmek mümkündür. Elektronik müzik ve türevlerinde kullanımı yaygındır.
Workstation: Synthesizer’ların dijital yapıda olanlarına ritm ve sequencer gibi özellikler eklenerek elde edilen klavyelerdir. Aranjman yapmak ve kaydetmek için kullanılır.
Akordeon: Körüğün harekete geçirilmesiyle oluşan hava akımının etkilediği serbest metallerin titreşmesiyle ses çıkartan bir alettir. Hem klavye hem de düğme şeklinde tuşlara sahiptir. Halk müziği ve bazı popüler müzik türlerinde kullanılır.
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